There is no such thing as cold. Cold is not a thing or a force or a property that exists and is measurable in its own right—it’s simply the absence of heat. Cooling is thus the sensation of loss as heat is transferred elsewhere. But that understanding is relatively recent: generations of scientists, including many of the big names—Leonardo da Vinci, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton—all tried, and failed to establish where cold comes from. Human control of cold is even more recent. Mechanical cooling—refrigeration produced by human artifice, as opposed to the natural chill offered by weather-dependent snow and ice—wasn’t achieved until the mid-1700s, it wasn’t commercialized until the late 1800s, and it wasn’t domesticated until the 1920s.
Yet, even in that brief span, cold has transformed the world. Refrigeration has reshaped what we eat, where it’s grown, and what it tastes like, while also redesigning our homes and cities, and remaking our cuisine and health. Air-conditioning has rearranged demography, while removing the rhythm of the seasons. Cold’s power to expand time while compressing space is existential: on the one hand, cryogenic medicine offers the promise of eternal life; on the other, the greenhouse gases emitted in order to maintain our ever-expanding artificial cryosphere are a principal culprit in the disappearance of Earth’s polar regions and glaciers. In this Salon, we will confront the challenges and comforts of cold.
Some of the questions that we ask include: What are ice’s delights—and costs? Is cold essential, or simply desirable? What does cold make possible, and what might its absence—a world in no natural ice remains—resemble? Can we chill sustainably? And can rethinking our relationship with cold help us re-make our food system, redesign the built environment, and restore Earth’s atmosphere?
This Salon took place on January 27th, 2025.
Kipp is an entrepreneur, technology consultant, and educator with a passion for making things. He is the founder or cofounder of start-ups in the fields of transportation, consumer products, HVAC, and medical devices—including Revolution By Design, Inc, a non-profit education and research organization dedicated to empowerment through technology, as well as the Bionica Corporation, where he led the research, development, and intellectual property work for a novel hearing-aid system as CTO. He holds numerous patents for his inventions, and some of his more interesting projects have turned into kippkitts.
David Gissen is a historian of architecture and an author of works of architecture theory and criticism. His research examines physiological and environmental concepts embedded within modern and late-modern architecture and design. In particular, he studies the manner in which works of architecture shape experiences of health, stability, capacity, and normalcy within built space. He traces these processes in historical research and responds with alternative, critical formulations of use to scholars and designers.
Shintaro Okamoto is the creative force behind OKAMOTO STUDIO, a NYC-based artist collective best known to produce artful installations and performances out of crystal clear ice since founded in 2003. A second generation ice sculptor whose father Takeo is long recognized for his early contribution to the art form in America, Shintaro embraces the craft and its business as his calling to introduce ice that is most unique and relevant to today’s audience. From designing the runway for Zac Posen to collaborating on the display window with Barneys New York to competing alongside Chef Morimoto in Iron Chef America, Shintaro thrives on offering new ways to play the ephemeral quality of ice as the perfect metaphor for the ‘here and the now.’
Joanna Radin received her PhD in History and Sociology of Science from the University of Pennsylvania. Her research examines the social and technical conditions of possibility for the systems of biomedicine and biotechnology that we live with today. She has particular interests in global histories of biology, ecology, medicine, technology, and anthropology since 1945; history and anthropology of life and death; biomedical technology and computing; feminist, indigenous, and queer STS; and science fiction. She is the author of Life on Ice: A History of New Uses for Cold Blood (Chicago 2017), the first history of the low-temperature biobank and co-editor, with Emma Kowal of Cyropolitics: Frozen Life in a Melting World (MIT 2017), which considers the technics and ethics of freezing across the life and environmental sciences.
Nicola Twilley is the author of Frostbite: How Refrigeration Changed Our Food, Our Planet, and Ourselves. She is also the coauthor of Until Proven Safe: The History and Future of Quarantine, named one of the best books of 2021 by Time, NPR, The Guardian, and the Financial Times. She is cohost of Gastropod, the award-winning and popular podcast that looks at food through the lens of science and history, produced as part of the Vox Media Podcast Network in partnership with Eater. She is also a frequent contributor to The New Yorker.
Dr. Mia Bennett is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Washington. As a political geographer with geospatial skills, Bennett researches the geopolitics of infrastructure development in two areas commonly thought of as frontiers: the Arctic and orbital space. She traces, maps, and critiques the politics, practices, and cultures of frontier-making from above earth to the depths of Indigenous lands. She does so with respect to three global transformations: Indigenous empowerment, the rise of Asia, and the dawn of satellite observations. To understand discursive and material processes of frontier-making at a range of scales, she employs experimental methods including ethnographic fieldwork, critical remote sensing, visual and discourse analysis, archival research, and geovisualization.
Wolfgang Ketterle has been the John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics at MIT since 1998. He received a diploma (equivalent to master’s degree) from the Technical University of Munich (1982), and the Ph.D. in physics from the University of Munich (1986). He did postdoctoral work at the Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching and at the University of Heidelberg in molecular spectroscopy and combustion diagnostics. In 1990, he came to MIT as a postdoc and joined the physics faculty in 1993. Since 2006, he is the director of the Center of Ultracold Atoms, an NSF funded research center, and Associate Director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics. His research group studies properties of ultracold atomic matter.
Marwa Koheji is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Humanities, in the Division of Arts and Humanities at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD). Her research combines historical and ethnographic methods to explore energy infrastructures in Bahrain and the broader Gulf region and their socio-political implications. She was trained in cultural anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is currently working on a book manuscript titled Thermal (Dis)Comfort in Bahrain: How Air-Conditioning Changed Everything. Her research has been funded by the National Science Foundation, the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, National Geographic, the Energy Poverty Program in Southern Africa (EPPSA), and NYUAD.
Philippe Rahm is a swiss architect, principal in the office of “Philippe Rahm architectes”, based in Paris, France. His work, which extends the field of architecture from the physiological to the meteorological, has received an international audience in the context of sustainability. His recent work includes the first prize for the Farini competition (60 ha) in Milan in 2019, the 70 hectares Central Park in Taichung, Taiwan, completed in December 2020, a 2700 m2 Exhibition architecture for Luma Foundation in Arles, France. He has held professorships at GSD Harvard University, Cornell, Princeton or Columbia University where Mr Rahm is currently Dean’s Visiting Associate Professor. He is a tenured associate professor at the National Superior School of Architecture in Versailles, France (ENSA-V). In 2020, he is the curator of the exhibition “Natural History of Architecture” at the Pavillon de l’Arsenal in Paris. “Climatic architecture”, a monographic book is published at Fall 2023.
Philip Maughan is a writer and researcher working on creative and commercial projects based between London and Berlin. His essays on food technology and extreme agriculture, cutting edge science and speculative interfaces have appeared in Noema, The Guardian, BBC Future and elsewhere. He runs the food philosophy platform Black Almanac and regularly works with institutions and research groups including Antikythera, Modem, Trust, Strelka Institute, UaL and others.
Michael Wang uses systems that operate at both regional and planetary scales as media for art: climate change, species distribution, resource allocation and the global economy. His works include Extinct in the Wild, a project that engages species that no longer exist in nature but persist under human care; 10000 li, 100 billion kilowatt-hours, a work that harnessed Shanghai’s hydropower-fueled electric grid to create a frozen facsimile of the glaciers at the origin of the Yangtze river; First Forest, a living replica of a Carboniferous forest installed in a disused coal-gas plant; and Carbon Copies, an exhibition linking the production of artworks to the release of greenhouse gases–envisioning all artists as “air artists.”
Floris Winckel is a PhD student in the History of Science, based at the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society in Munich. My doctoral project explores the science of snowflakes from the early-17th to mid-20th century. I shed light on the value of studying snowflakes to scientists, and what this tells us about the history of modern natural science. The project is being carried out as part of the international doctoral programme ‘Rethinking Environment: The Environmental Humanities and the Ecological Transformation of Society‘, run jointly by the Environmental Science Center WZU (Augsburg) and the Rachel Carson Center.
THE ARTIFICIAL CRYOSPHERE
Brinkhof, Tim. “This Snowman Never Melts—Here’s How Two Artists Pulled It Off.” Artnet. December 14, 2024. (Available online)
Burnett, Graham. “The Archive of Ice.” Cabinet Magazine. Fall 2025. (Available online)
Fowler, Cary. Seeds on Ice: Svalbard and the Global Seed Vault. Easton Studio Press, 2016.
Padavic-Callaghan, Karmela. “The strange physics of absolute zero and what it takes to get there.” New Scientist. December 14, 2022. (Available online)
Theroux, Paul. The Mosquito Coast. Houghton Mifflin, 1982. (Available online)
Twilley, Nicola. Frostbite: How Refrigeration Changed Our Food, Our Planet, and Ourselves. Penguin Random House, 2024.
Twilley, Nicola. “The Coldscape.” Cabinet Magazine. Fall 2012. (Available online)
REFRIGERATION
Freidberg, Susanne. Fresh: A Perishable History. Belknap Press, 2010.
Rees, Jonathan. Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America. Johns Hopkins University Press: 2013. (Available online)
Sharon, Susan. “In Maine, Residents Slice Through Thick Ice To Keep A Tradition From Melting Away.” NPR All Things Considered. February 26, 2020. (Available online)
Thévenot, Roger. A History of Refrigeration throughout the World. International Institute of Refrigeration, 1979.
Tisdale, Sallie. “Have Refrigerators Spoiled Everything?” The New York Times. June 24, 2024. (Available online)
Twilley, Nicola. “How the Fridge Changed Flavor.” The New Yorker. June 8, 2024. (Available online)
Weightman, Gavin. The Frozen Water Trade: A True Story. Hachette, 2004. (Available online)
THERMAL COLONIALISM
Chang, Jiat-Hwee. “Thermal Comfort and Climatic Design in the Tropics: An Historical Critique.” The Journal of Architecture 21, no. 8 (2016): 1171-1202. (Available online)
Hobart, Hi’ilei Julia Kawehipuaakahaopulani. Cooling the Tropics: Ice, Indigeneity, and Hawaiian Refreshment. Duke, 2023.
Koheji, Marwa. Staying Cool in Bahrain: Heat, Air-Conditioning, and Everyday Comfort. PhD Dissertation. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2022. (Available online)
(Forthcoming) Smith, Jen Rose. Ice Geographies: The Colonial Politics of Race and Indigeneity in the Arctic. Duke University Press, 2025.
Starosielski, Nicole. Media Hot and Cold. Duke University Press, 2021.
COLD AND THE BODY
Adams, Tim. “Ice baths and snow meditation: can cold therapy make you stronger?” The Guardian. May 7, 2017. (Available online)
Lewis, Tim. “The big chill: the health benefits of swimming in ice water.” The Guardian. December 23, 2018. (Available online)
Park, William. “Why Some People Can Deal with the Cold.” BBC. March 10, 2021. (Available online)
Parsons, Ken. Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort, and Performance. CRC Press, 2007. (Available online)
Simon, Taryn. “A Cold Hole.” MASS MoCA. (Available online)
BIOMEDICINE AND CRYOPRESERVATION
Bernstein, Anya. The Future of Immortality: Remaking Life and Death in Contemporary Russia. Princeton University Press, 2019. (Available with institutional access)
Landecker, Hannah. Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies. Harvard University Press, 2007. (Available online)
Nelson, Robert F. We Froze the First Man. Dell Publishing, 1968.
Parry, Bronwyn. “Technologies of immortality: The brain on ice.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 35, no. 2 (2004): 391-413. (Available with institutional access)
Radin, Joanna. Life on Ice: A History of New Uses for Cold Blood. Chicago, 2017
Radin, Joanna and Emma Kowal. Cryopolitics: Frozen Life in a Melting World. MIT, 2017. (Available with institutional access)
Vance, Ashlee. “Startup Brings New Hope to the Pursuit of Reviving Frozen Bodies.” Bloomberg. June 3, 2024. (Available online)
ARCHITECTURE, REGULATION, AND SEALED ENVIRONMENTS
Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment. The University of Chicago Press, 1969. Pages 18-23.
Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture. University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Fitch, James Marston. American Building: The Environmental Forces that Shape It [1947]. Houghton Mifflin, 1972.
Gissen, David. Manhattan Atmospheres: Architecture, the Interior Environment, and Urban Crisis. University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. The MIT Press, 1979.
Murphy, Michelle. Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty. Duke University Press, 2006.
Osman, Michael. “Listening to the Cooler.” Cabinet Magazine. Fall 2012. (Available online)
Rahm, Philippe. Climatic Architecture. Actar, 2023.
AIR CONDITIONING
Barber, Daniel. Modern Architecture and Climate: Design Before Air-Conditioning. Princeton University Press, 2018.
Basile, Salvatore. Cool: How Air Conditioning Changed Everything. Fordham University Press, 2016.
Chang, Jiat-Hwee. “The Air-Conditioning Complex: Histories and Futures of Hybridization in Asia.” Canadian Centre for Architecture, 2022. (Available online)
Cooper, Gail. Air-conditioning America: Engineers and the Controlled Environment, 1900-1960. JHU Press, 1998. (Available online)
Osman, Michael. Modernism’s Visible Hand: Architecture and Regulation in America. University of Minnesota Press, 2018.
Stalder, Laurent. “Air, Light, and Air-Conditioning.” Grey Room 40, (2010): 84-99.
THE NATURAL CRYOSPHERE
Eckstein, Bob. The History of the Snowman. Simon and Schuster, 2007. (Available online)
Gosnell, Mariana. Ice: The Nature, the History, and the Uses of an Astonishing Substance. University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Mergen, Bernard. Snow in America. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.
Schuppli, Susan. Cold Rights. 2022. Film/video. (Available online)
Sijpkes, Pieter, “The architecture of phase change at McGill.” RCC 2009 - Leadership in Architectural Research, between academia and the profession, San Antonio, TX, 15-18 April 2009 (Available online)
Winckel, Floris. “How the Glaishers pictured snowflakes” The British Journal for the History of Science, Forthcoming, 2024, pp. 1–20 (Available online)
Winckel, Floris. “Frost Flowers & Fog Sculptures” HUBE Magazine, vol. 1(1), 2023, pp. 314-331 (Available online)
THE ARCTIC
Bass, George. “The U.S. Army tried to build a secret nuclear city under Greenland’s ice.” The Washington Post. November 13, 2023. (Available online)
Bennett, Mia. “Dark Arctic” Current History (2024) 123 (849): 20–26. (Available online)
Bierman, Paul. When the Ice is Gone. W.W. Norton, 2024.
Carey, Mark and Holly Moulton. “Inequalities of ice loss: a framework for addressing sociocryospheric change.” Annals of Glaciology 64, no. 91 (July 2023): 67-76. (Available online)
Kormann, Carolyn. “As the World Melts, an Artist Finds Beauty in Ancient Ice.” The New Yorker. February 9, 2018. (Available online)
Shachtman, Tom. Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold. Mariner Books, 1999.
Soin, Himali Singh. “Daughters of the Snow.” BBC Sounds. March 30, 2021. (Available online)
Streevor, Bill. Cold: Adventures in the World’s Frozen Places. Back Bay Books, 2010. (Available online)
THE FUTURE OF COLD
Alÿs, Francis. “Sometimes Making Something Leads to Nothing.” 1997. YouTube video. (Available online)
Cox, Stan. Losing Our Cool: Uncomfortable Truths about Our Air-conditioned World (and Finding New Ways to Get Through the Summer). New Press, 2010. (Available online)
Hawken, Paul. Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming. Penguin Books Limited, 2018. (Available online)
Kennicott, Philip. “Addicted to Cool.” The Washington Post. September 21, 2023. (Available online)
Toomey, Diane. “Paul Hawken on One Hundred Solutions to the Climate Crisis.” Yale Environment 360. July 25, 2017. (Available online)
Twilley, Nicola. “Africa’s Cold Rush and the Promise of Refrigeration.” The New Yorker. August 15, 2022. (Available online)
Twilley, Nicola. “There Will Be Cooler Ways of Keeping Food Fresh.” The Boston Globe. November 30, 2024 (Available online)
Wilson, Eric Dean. After Cooling: On Freon, Global Warming, and the Terrible Cost of Comfort. Simon & Schuster, 2021.