MoMA R&D

Salon 52 It's Cold Out There!

There is no such thing as cold. Cold is not a thing or a force or a property that exists and is measurable in its own right—it’s simply the absence of heat. Cooling is thus the sensation of loss as heat is transferred elsewhere. But that understanding is relatively recent: generations of scientists, including many of the big names—Leonardo da Vinci, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton—all tried, and failed to establish where cold comes from. Human control of cold is even more recent. Mechanical cooling—refrigeration produced by human artifice, as opposed to the natural chill offered by weather-dependent snow and ice—wasn’t achieved until the mid-1700s, it wasn’t commercialized until the late 1800s, and it wasn’t domesticated until the 1920s.

Yet, even in that brief span, cold has transformed the world. Refrigeration has reshaped what we eat, where it’s grown, and what it tastes like, while also redesigning our homes and cities, and remaking our cuisine and health. Air-conditioning has rearranged demography, while removing the rhythm of the seasons. Cold’s power to expand time while compressing space is existential: on the one hand, cryogenic medicine offers the promise of eternal life; on the other, the greenhouse gases emitted in order to maintain our ever-expanding artificial cryosphere are a principal culprit in the disappearance of Earth’s polar regions and glaciers. In this Salon, we will confront the challenges and comforts of cold.

Some of the questions that we ask include: What are ice’s delights—and costs? Is cold essential, or simply desirable? What does cold make possible, and what might its absence—a world in no natural ice remains—resemble? Can we chill sustainably? And can rethinking our relationship with cold help us re-make our food system, redesign the built environment, and restore Earth’s atmosphere?

This Salon took place on January 27th, 2025.

Speakers

Video Contributors

Reading List

  • THE ARTIFICIAL CRYOSPHERE

  • Brinkhof, Tim. “This Snowman Never Melts—Here’s How Two Artists Pulled It Off.” Artnet. December 14, 2024. (Available online)

  • Burnett, Graham. “The Archive of Ice.” Cabinet Magazine. Fall 2025. (Available online)

  • Fowler, Cary. Seeds on Ice: Svalbard and the Global Seed Vault. Easton Studio Press, 2016.

  • Padavic-Callaghan, Karmela. “The strange physics of absolute zero and what it takes to get there.” New Scientist. December 14, 2022. (Available online)

  • Theroux, Paul. The Mosquito Coast. Houghton Mifflin, 1982. (Available online)

  • Twilley, Nicola. Frostbite: How Refrigeration Changed Our Food, Our Planet, and Ourselves. Penguin Random House, 2024.

  • Twilley, Nicola. “The Coldscape.” Cabinet Magazine. Fall 2012. (Available online)

  • REFRIGERATION

  • Freidberg, Susanne. Fresh: A Perishable History. Belknap Press, 2010.

  • Rees, Jonathan. Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America. Johns Hopkins University Press: 2013. (Available online)

  • Sharon, Susan. “In Maine, Residents Slice Through Thick Ice To Keep A Tradition From Melting Away.” NPR All Things Considered. February 26, 2020. (Available online)

  • Thévenot, Roger. A History of Refrigeration throughout the World. International Institute of Refrigeration, 1979.

  • Tisdale, Sallie. “Have Refrigerators Spoiled Everything?” The New York Times. June 24, 2024. (Available online)

  • Twilley, Nicola. “How the Fridge Changed Flavor.” The New Yorker. June 8, 2024. (Available online)

  • Weightman, Gavin. The Frozen Water Trade: A True Story. Hachette, 2004. (Available online)

  • THERMAL COLONIALISM

  • Chang, Jiat-Hwee. “Thermal Comfort and Climatic Design in the Tropics: An Historical Critique.” The Journal of Architecture 21, no. 8 (2016): 1171-1202. (Available online)

  • Hobart, Hi’ilei Julia Kawehipuaakahaopulani. Cooling the Tropics: Ice, Indigeneity, and Hawaiian Refreshment. Duke, 2023.

  • Koheji, Marwa. Staying Cool in Bahrain: Heat, Air-Conditioning, and Everyday Comfort. PhD Dissertation. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2022. (Available online)

  • (Forthcoming) Smith, Jen Rose. Ice Geographies: The Colonial Politics of Race and Indigeneity in the Arctic. Duke University Press, 2025.

  • Starosielski, Nicole. Media Hot and Cold. Duke University Press, 2021.

  • COLD AND THE BODY

  • Adams, Tim. “Ice baths and snow meditation: can cold therapy make you stronger?” The Guardian. May 7, 2017. (Available online)

  • Lewis, Tim. “The big chill: the health benefits of swimming in ice water.” The Guardian. December 23, 2018. (Available online)

  • Park, William. “Why Some People Can Deal with the Cold.” BBC. March 10, 2021. (Available online)

  • Parsons, Ken. Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort, and Performance. CRC Press, 2007. (Available online)

  • Simon, Taryn. “A Cold Hole.” MASS MoCA. (Available online)

  • BIOMEDICINE AND CRYOPRESERVATION

  • Bernstein, Anya. The Future of Immortality: Remaking Life and Death in Contemporary Russia. Princeton University Press, 2019. (Available with institutional access)

  • Landecker, Hannah. Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies. Harvard University Press, 2007. (Available online)

  • Nelson, Robert F. We Froze the First Man. Dell Publishing, 1968.

  • Parry, Bronwyn. “Technologies of immortality: The brain on ice.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 35, no. 2 (2004): 391-413. (Available with institutional access)

  • Radin, Joanna. Life on Ice: A History of New Uses for Cold Blood. Chicago, 2017

  • Radin, Joanna and Emma Kowal. Cryopolitics: Frozen Life in a Melting World. MIT, 2017. (Available with institutional access)

  • Vance, Ashlee. “Startup Brings New Hope to the Pursuit of Reviving Frozen Bodies.” Bloomberg. June 3, 2024. (Available online)

  • ARCHITECTURE, REGULATION, AND SEALED ENVIRONMENTS

  • Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment. The University of Chicago Press, 1969. Pages 18-23.

  • Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture. University of Chicago Press, 1986.

  • Fitch, James Marston. American Building: The Environmental Forces that Shape It [1947]. Houghton Mifflin, 1972.

  • Gissen, David. Manhattan Atmospheres: Architecture, the Interior Environment, and Urban Crisis. University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

  • Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. The MIT Press, 1979.

  • Murphy, Michelle. Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty. Duke University Press, 2006.

  • Osman, Michael. “Listening to the Cooler.” Cabinet Magazine. Fall 2012. (Available online)

  • Rahm, Philippe. Climatic Architecture. Actar, 2023.

  • AIR CONDITIONING

  • Barber, Daniel. Modern Architecture and Climate: Design Before Air-Conditioning. Princeton University Press, 2018.

  • Basile, Salvatore. Cool: How Air Conditioning Changed Everything. Fordham University Press, 2016.

  • Chang, Jiat-Hwee. “The Air-Conditioning Complex: Histories and Futures of Hybridization in Asia.” Canadian Centre for Architecture, 2022. (Available online)

  • Cooper, Gail. Air-conditioning America: Engineers and the Controlled Environment, 1900-1960. JHU Press, 1998. (Available online)

  • Osman, Michael. Modernism’s Visible Hand: Architecture and Regulation in America. University of Minnesota Press, 2018.

  • Stalder, Laurent. “Air, Light, and Air-Conditioning.” Grey Room 40, (2010): 84-99.

  • THE NATURAL CRYOSPHERE

  • Eckstein, Bob. The History of the Snowman. Simon and Schuster, 2007. (Available online)

  • Gosnell, Mariana. Ice: The Nature, the History, and the Uses of an Astonishing Substance. University of Chicago Press, 2005.

  • Mergen, Bernard. Snow in America. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.

  • Schuppli, Susan. Cold Rights. 2022. Film/video. (Available online)

  • Sijpkes, Pieter, “The architecture of phase change at McGill.” RCC 2009 - Leadership in Architectural Research, between academia and the profession, San Antonio, TX, 15-18 April 2009 (Available online)

  • Winckel, Floris. “How the Glaishers pictured snowflakes” The British Journal for the History of Science, Forthcoming, 2024, pp. 1–20 (Available online)

  • Winckel, Floris. “Frost Flowers & Fog Sculptures” HUBE Magazine, vol. 1(1), 2023, pp. 314-331 (Available online)

  • THE ARCTIC

  • Bass, George. “The U.S. Army tried to build a secret nuclear city under Greenland’s ice.” The Washington Post. November 13, 2023. (Available online)

  • Bennett, Mia. “Dark Arctic” Current History (2024) 123 (849): 20–26. (Available online)

  • Bierman, Paul. When the Ice is Gone. W.W. Norton, 2024.

  • Carey, Mark and Holly Moulton. “Inequalities of ice loss: a framework for addressing sociocryospheric change.” Annals of Glaciology 64, no. 91 (July 2023): 67-76. (Available online)

  • Kormann, Carolyn. “As the World Melts, an Artist Finds Beauty in Ancient Ice.” The New Yorker. February 9, 2018. (Available online)

  • Shachtman, Tom. Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold. Mariner Books, 1999.

  • Soin, Himali Singh. “Daughters of the Snow.” BBC Sounds. March 30, 2021. (Available online)

  • Streevor, Bill. Cold: Adventures in the World’s Frozen Places. Back Bay Books, 2010. (Available online)

  • THE FUTURE OF COLD

  • Alÿs, Francis. “Sometimes Making Something Leads to Nothing.” 1997. YouTube video. (Available online)

  • Cox, Stan. Losing Our Cool: Uncomfortable Truths about Our Air-conditioned World (and Finding New Ways to Get Through the Summer). New Press, 2010. (Available online)

  • Hawken, Paul. Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming. Penguin Books Limited, 2018. (Available online)

  • Kennicott, Philip. “Addicted to Cool.” The Washington Post. September 21, 2023. (Available online)

  • Toomey, Diane. “Paul Hawken on One Hundred Solutions to the Climate Crisis.” Yale Environment 360. July 25, 2017. (Available online)

  • Twilley, Nicola. “Africa’s Cold Rush and the Promise of Refrigeration.” The New Yorker. August 15, 2022. (Available online)

  • Twilley, Nicola. “There Will Be Cooler Ways of Keeping Food Fresh.” The Boston Globe. November 30, 2024 (Available online)

  • Wilson, Eric Dean. After Cooling: On Freon, Global Warming, and the Terrible Cost of Comfort. Simon & Schuster, 2021.