MoMA R&D

Salon 46 Scale

In its size and complexity, the universe we inhabit exists at a scale that is fundamentally ungraspable by humans. We have therefore developed tools of perception and abstraction in the attempt to better comprehend it and our position within it. With each revolution in thought or scientific innovation—from Copernicus’s heliocentric model to the invention of the microscope to the detonation of the first nuclear bomb—comes the need to dramatically reconfigure our sense of scale and place. In today’s world, the digital storage of the touchstones of our daily lives (documents, messages, books, music, movies, etc.) evades our ability to fathom its volume through visual or embodied perception. Scale is no longer just a function of size but rather more so now of complexity, thereby evading the scope of our current tools. Though the Eameses’ dream is now literally at our fingertips with our ability to zoom with abandon, what new tools for understanding are necessary to invent in order to address our contemporary issues of scale?

These are some of the questions we will ask: How has our perception of scale changed over time? How have scientific milestones contributed to that shift? What shifts will come next? What is our place in the universe? How can we fully come to terms with its scale? Are we in a crisis of perception? With the ever-increasing complexity of our world, will we ever be able to fully comprehend it? Do we even need to? Should our actions depend upon this comprehension? How can we grapple with phenomena such as the climate crisis? In what ways has scale become an issue of complexity over size? How do we understand scale in terms of both time and space?

This Salon took place on January 29, 2024

Speakers

Video Contributors

Reading List

  • SCALE THEORY

  • Carr, E. Summerson, and Michael Lempert, eds. Scale: Discourse and Dimensions of Social Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016. (Available online)

  • DiCaglio, Joshua. Scale Theory: A Nondisciplinary Inquiry. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2021. (Available with institutional access)

  • Horton, Zach. The Cosmic Zoom: Scale, Knowledge, and Mediation. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2021. (First chapter available online)

  • Hunt, Jamer. Not to Scale: How the Small Becomes Large, the Large Becomes Unthinkable, and the Unthinkable Becomes Possible. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2020.

  • Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1991. (Available online)

  • Meadows, Donella. Thinking in Systems. London: Earthscan, 2009. (Available online)

  • Stewart, Susan. On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. (Available with institutional access)

  • West, Geoffrey. Scale: The Universal Laws of Life, Growth, and Death in Organisms, Cities, and Companies. London: Penguin Books, 2018.

  • CARTOGRAPHY

  • Borges, Jorge Luis. “On Exactitude in Science.” Collected Fictions. Translated by Andrew Hurley. London: Penguin Books, 1999. (Available online)

  • Buck-Morrs, Susan. “Seeing Global.” October 17, 2015. (Available online)

  • Cosgrove, Denis. Apollo’s Eye: A Cartographic Genealogy of the Earth in the Western Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. (Available online)

  • Latour, Bruno, Valérie November, and Eduardo Camacho-Hübner. “Entering a risky territory: space in the age of digital navigation.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28 (2010): 581-599. (Available online)

  • SPACE

  • Arendt, Hannah. “The Conquest of Space and The Stature of Man.” 1963. The New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology and Society 18 (2007): 43–56. (Available online)

  • Brand, Stewart. The Whole Earth Catalog, Fall 1968. (Available online)

  • DeLoughrey, Elizabeth. “Satellite Planetarity and the Ends of the Earth.” Public Culture 26, no. 2 (2014): 257–280. (Available online)

  • Hans Blumenberg, The Genesis of the Copernican World View. Translated from the German by Robert N. Wallace, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987. (Available online)

  • Turner, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, The Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. (First chapter available online)

  • Valentine, David. “Exit Strategy: Profit, Cosmology, and the Future of Humans in Space.” Anthropological Quarterly 85, no. 4 (2012): 1045–1067. (Available online)

  • TIME

  • Krenak, Ailton. Ancestral Future. Paris, London, New York: Susanna Lea Associates, 2022.

  • Morton, Timothy. Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013. (Available online)

  • Parikka, Jussi. The Anthrobscene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014. (Available online)

  • Parikka, Jussi. A Geology of Media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015. (First chapter available online)

  • Rifkin, Mark. Beyond Settler Time: Temporal Sovereignty and Indigenous Self-Determination. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017. (Available online)

  • ZOOMING IN AND OUT

  • Aldersey-Williams, Hugh. “Applied Curiosity.” Design and the Elastic Mind. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2008. (Available online)

  • Antonelli, Paola. “Design and the Elastic Mind.” Design and the Elastic Mind. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2008. (Available online)

  • Blaser, Mario, and Marisol de la Cadena, eds. A World of Many Worlds. Durham: Duke University Press, 2018. (Introduction available online)

  • Boeke, Kees. Cosmic View: The Universe in Forty Jumps. New York: John Day Co., 1957. (Available online)

  • Di Palma, Vittoria. “Zoom: Google Earth and Global Intimacy.” In Intimate Metropolis: Urban Subjects in the Modern City, edited by Vittoria Di Palma, Diana Periton, and Marina Lathouri, 239–70. New York: Routledge, 2009. (Available online)

  • Dorrian, Mark. “Adventure on the Vertical.” Cabinet Magazine 44, “24 Hours” (Winter 2011-2012). (Available online)

  • Dorrian, Mark. “On Google Earth.” In Seeing from Above: The Aerial View in Visual Culture, edited by Dorrian and Frédéric Poussin, 290–307. New York: Tauris, 2013.

  • ​​Fore, Devin. “The Entomic Age.” Grey Room 33 (Fall 2008): 26–55. (Available online)

  • Horton, Zach. “Collapsing Scale: Nanotechnology and Geoengineering as Speculative Media.” In Shaping Emerging Technologies: Governance, Innovation, Discourse, edited by K. Konrad, 203–218. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2013. (Available online)

  • Latour, Bruno. “Anti-Zoom.” In Contact (exhibition catalog), edited by Studio Olafur Eliasson, 121–124. Paris: Flammarion, 2014. (Available online)

  • Marks, Laura U. The Fold: From Your Body to the Cosmos. Durham: Duke University Press, 2024.

  • Peters, John Durham. The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. (Available online)

  • THE DIGITAL

  • Bazdyrieva, Asia, Ranjodh Singh Dhaliwal, Anthony Downey, Chris Lee & FRAUD, Jussi Parikka, and Laura Tripaldi. A Short Incomplete History of Technologies That Scale. Ljubljana and Berlin: Aksioma – Institute for Contemporary Art and transmediale, 2023.

  • Brannon, Monica. “Satellite Imagery in The Age of Big Data.” Configurations: A Journal of Literature, Science, and Technology 21, no. 3 (2014): 271–301. (Available with institutional access)

  • Chen, Sophia. “Exascale computers: 10 Breakthrough Technologies 2024.” MIT Technology Review. January 8, 2024. (Available online)

  • Coyle, Diane. The Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. (Available online)

  • Cubitt, Sean. The Practice of Light: A Genealogy of Visual Technologies from Prints to Pixels. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014. (Available online)

  • Ray Smith, Alvy. A Biography of the Pixel. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2021.

  • Schuessler, Jennifer. “Moving Wikipedia from Computer to Many, Many Bookshelves.” New York Times, June 16, 2015. (Available online)

  • ARCHITECTURE

  • Banham, Reyner. Megastructure: Urban Futures of the Recent Past. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

  • Burnett, D. Graham, and Jonathan D. Solomon. “Masters of the Universe.” Models, edited by Emily Abruzzo, Eric Ellingsen, and Jonathan D. Solomon. New York: 306090 Books, 2007. (Available online)

  • Fuller, Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968. (Available online)

  • Koolhaas, Rem, Bruce Mau, and Office for Metropolitan Architecture. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large. New York: Monacelli, 1995. (Available online)

  • Meredith, Michael, Hilary Sample, and MOS. An Unfinished Encyclopedia of Scale Figures Without…Architecture. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2019.

  • Wharton, Annabel J. Models and World Making: Bodies, Buildings, Black Boxes. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2021.

  • BIOLOGY

  • Bonner, John Tyler. Why Size Matters: From Bacteria to Blue Whales. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. (Available with institutional access)

  • Brown, James H., Geoffrey B. West, and Brian J. Enquist. “Scaling in Biology: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequences.” In Scaling in Biology, edited by Brown and West, 1–24. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. (Available online)

  • Landecker, Hannah. “Creeping, Drinking, Dying: The Cinematic Portal and the Microscopic World of The Twentieth Century Cell.” Science in Context 24 (September 2011): 381-416. (Available online)

  • Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Scaling: Why is Animal Size So Important? New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. (Available online)

  • Tsing, Anna. “On Nonscalability: The Living World Is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales.” Common Knowledge 18, no. 3 (Fall 2012): 505–524. (Available online)

  • Wiens, J. A. “Spatial Scaling in Ecology.” Functional Ecology 3, no. 4 (1989): 385–97. (Available online)

  • GLOBALIZATION AND THE PLANETARY

  • Brenner, Neil. “Beyond State-Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geographical Scale in Globalization Studies.” Theory and Society 28 (1999): 39–78. (Available online)

  • Herod, Andrew and Melissa W. Wright. Geographies of Power: Placing Scale. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002. (Available with institutional access)

  • Latour, Bruno. “The Anthropocene and the Destruction of the Image of the Globe.” Gifford * Lecture Series: Facing Gaia. A New Enquiry into Natural Religion. Lecture at the University of Edinburgh, February 25, 2013. (Available online)

  • Clark, Timothy. “What on World is the Earth?: The Anthropocene and Fictions of the World.” Oxford Literary Review 35, no. 1 (2013): 5–24. (Available online)

  • Jepson, Paul and Cain Blythe. Rewilding: The Radical New Science of Ecological Recovery. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2022.

  • Chandler, Alfred. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1990. (Available with institutional access)

  • THE PITFALLS OF SCALE

  • Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “The Climate of History: Four Theses.” Critical Inquiry 35 (2009): 197–222. (Available online)

  • Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “Postcolonial Studies and the Challenge of Climate Change.” New Literary History 43, no. 1 (2012): 1-18. (Available online)

  • Woods, Derek. “Scale Critique for the Anthropocene.” The Minnesota Review 83 (2014): 133–43. (Available with institutional access)

  • Scarry, Elaine. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. (Available here)

  • Mullen, A. Kirsten. From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. (Available online with institutional access)

  • FILMS

  • Arnold, Jack. The Incredible Shrinking Man. USA: Universal Pictures, 1957. Film.

  • Bagga, Brannon. Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. Studio City, CA. Cosmos Studios. Television. Episode 1, March 9, 2014.

  • Eames, Charles, and Ray Eames. Powers of Ten. Pyramid Media: 1977. Film.

  • Eames, Charles, and Ray Eames. A Rough Sketch for a Proposed Film Dealing with the Powers of Ten and the Relative Size of Things in the Universe. Pyramid Media: 1968. Film.

  • Fleischer, Richard. Fantastic Voyage. USA: Twentieth Century Fox, 1966. Film.

  • IBM Corporation. A Boy and His Atom: The World’s Smallest Movie. Online video clip. YouTube, 1 July 2015.

  • Nuridsany, Claude and Marie Pérennou. Microcosmos. France: France 2 Cinema, Canal+, Télévision Suisse Romande, 1996.

  • Sagan, Carl. Cosmos. New York: Random House, 1980. Film.

  • Silleck, Bayley. Cosmic Voyage. Los Angeles: IMAX, 1996. Film.

  • Szasz, Eva. Cosmic Zoom. National Film Board of Canada: 1968. Film.