MoMA R&D

Salon 44 Team Sports

A team is distinct from other social bonds as the unifying element is the shared pursuit of a common goal, whether it be winning a World Cup, achieving a scientific breakthrough, or winning an election. Often, however, the relationship between teammates, their leaders, and their supporters extends far beyond the mere pursuit of a goal. A team quickly becomes a microcosm of broader societal phenomena, as issues such as power, gender, race, sexuality, and class come into play. Individual vs. collective, collaboration vs. competition, offense vs. defense, success vs. failure, inclusion vs. exclusion––when we become part of a team, we learn to negotiate a number of contrasting conditions. Teams rely on complex algorithms and alchemies and when properly designed, expertly trained, and wholeheartedly inspired, they are greater than the sum of their parts. This Salon explores the ways in which they can simultaneously function as mirrors of society and means to change it for the better.

We will pose the following questions: How does participation in required team sports affect a child’s development in both positive and negative ways? How do team sports reinforce societal and gendered norms? In what ways can they instead be used to challenge those norms? What does it mean to be a good team player, within and without sports? How do our experiences as a part of teams impact our subsequent social relations? Should we adopt a more team-centric outlook in our daily lives, prioritizing collective over individual goals? How does the participation in or the watching of sports contribute to the formation of our individual identities?

This Salon took place on October 16, 2023

Speakers

Video Contributors

Reading List

  • ABOUT SPORTS

  • Besnier, Niko. “Sport as an interrogation of social and cultural life.” Society for Cultural Anthropology. February 18, 2014. (Available online)

  • Besnier, Niko and Susan Brownell. “Sport.” The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology, edited by Felix Stein. Facsimile of the first edition in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 2019 and 2023. (Available online)

  • Edelman, Robert and Wayne Wilson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Sports History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. (Available with institutional access)

  • Elias, George Skaff, Richard Garfield, and K. Robert Gutschera. Characteristics of Games. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.

  • Potter, David. The Victor’s Crown: A History of Ancient Sport from Homer to Byzantium. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2011.

  • Wing, Carlin. “Episodes in the Life of Bounce.” Cabinet 56, Winter 2014-2015. (Available online)

  • ABOUT TEAMS

  • Coutu, Diane. “Why Teams Don’t Work.” Harvard Business Review. May 2009. (Available online)

  • Duhigg, Charles. “What Google Learned From Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team.” The New York Times. February 25, 2016. (Available online)

  • Hackman, J. Richard. Leading Teams: Setting the Stage for Great Performances. Cambridge: Harvard Business Review Press, 2002.

  • Silsbee, Lynda. “The Four Stages of Team Development.” Forbes. Jun 29, 2023. (Available online)

  • Walker, Sam. “The 16 greatest teams in sports history.” ESPN. May 15, 2017. (Available online)

  • Witz, Billy. “Jersey Swaps, a Ritual With a Story.” The New York Times. July 6, 2010. (Available online)

  • IN A PERFECT WORLD, IN A GLOBAL WORLD

  • Bartholomew, Rafe. Pacific Rims: Beermen Ballin’ in Flip-Flops and the Philippines’ Unlikely Love Affair with Basketball. New York: Penguin Publishing, 2011.

  • Besnier, Niko. “From the Pacific Islands to France: Migration, Hope and Deceit in the Rugby Industry.” The Conversation. October 12, 2016. (Available online)

  • Carter, Thomas F. In Foreign Fields: The Politics and Experiences of Transnational Sport Migration. London: Pluto Press, 2011.

  • Colwell, Chip and Jen Shannon. “Power Players: U.S. Football and French Rugby.” Sapiens. Podcast audio. October 23, 2018. (Available online)

  • Elsey, Brenda. Citizens and Sportsmen: Fútbol and Politics in Twentieth-Century Chile. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011. (Available online with institutional access)

  • Giamatti, A. Bartlett. Take Time for Paradise: Americans and Their Games. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.

  • Hollander, David. How Basketball Can Save the World: 13 Guiding Principles for Reimagining What’s Possible. New York City: Harmony Books, 2023.

  • “Meso-American Ball Games.” FIFA Museum. (Available online)

  • Uperesa, Lisa. Gridiron Capital: How American Football Became a Samoan Game. Durham: Duke University Press, 2022.

  • SOCIETY

  • Critchley, Simon. What We Think About When We Think About Soccer. London: Penguin Books, 2017.

  • Dzikus, Lars. “Why you feel so empty without sports.” MIC. May 25, 2020. (Available online)

  • Eckstein, Rick, Dana M. Moss, Kevin J. Delaney. “Sports Sociology’s Still Untapped Potential.” Sociological Forum 25, no. 3 (August 2, 2010): 500-518. (Available with institutional access)

  • Foster, Hal. “Gutted: The sacrificial ritual of soccer.” Cabinet 56, Winter 2014-2015. (Available online)

  • Guridy, Frank. The Sports Revolution: How Texas Changed the Culture of American Athletics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2021. (Lecture available online)

  • Hoffman, Benjamin, Victor Mather, and Jacey Fortin. “After Trump Blasts N.F.L., Players Kneel and Lock Arms in Solidarity.” The New York Times. September 24, 2017. (Available online)

  • Layden, Tim. “We are what we wear: How sports jerseys became ubiquitous in the U.S.” Sports Illustrated. February 1, 2018. (Available online)

  • Mohammed, Farah. “What Sports Reveal about Society.” Jstor Daily. October 4, 2018. (Available online)

  • Popkin, Maggie L. “Roman Gladiator Knives: Objectivifaction, Mascotting, and the Material Culture of Spot in Ancient Rome.” The Art Bulletin, 105:2 (July 11, 2023): 36-61. (Available with institutional access)

  • Wang, Shirely. “Sports Complex: The Science Behind Fanatic Behavior.” Association for Psychological Science. May 1, 2006. (Available online)

  • PUBLIC SPACE

  • Axthelm, Pete. The City Game: Basketball from the Garden to the Playgrounds. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books, 1999.

  • Galaz, Sergio, “Against Zócalos and Atria: The Public Sphere of the Basketball Court.” Infrastructura Utóopica. (Available online)

  • Galaz, Sergio, Gimena Bustamante, Mich Aguilar, Morelos León Celis, Francisco Pérez, and Yair Tamayo. “The Court is Negotiation.” Infrastructura Utóopica. (Available online)

  • García, Bobbito and Kevin Couliau, directors. Doin’ It in the Park. 2012. (Available online)

  • Perez, Jay. “FC21 All World Final.” August 22, 2023. (Available to watch online)

  • Rhoden, William C. and Walt Clyde Frazier. City/Game: Basketball in New York. New York: Rizzoli Electa, 2020.

  • COMING OF AGE

  • Besnier, Niko and Daniel Guinness. “Young athletes’ hope of success is nourished by neoliberalism and religion.” The Conversation. January 2, 2019. (Available online)

  • Carroll, Jim. The Basketball Diaries: The Classic about Growing Up Hip on New York’s Mean Streets. New York: Penguin Publishing, 1985.

  • García, Bobbito. Aim High, Little Giant, Aim High. New York: Little Giants Giant Shorties, 2022.

  • Hartmann, Douglas. Midnight Basketball: Race, Sports, and Neoliberal Social Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.

  • Malengreau, Robert and Daniel Guinness. “Lessons from the Favela: Sport and Social Exclusion in Rio de Janeiro.” Global Sport. May 20, 2017. (Available online)

  • Needelman, Joshua. “Midnight Basketball Returns, and Brings Community With It.” The New York Times. October 3, 2022. (Available online)

  • Termenón, Igor. “Social Designer Gabriel Fontana Wants to Change How We Play Team Sports with MULTIFORM.” True to Size! (Available online)

  • SPORTS AND RACE

  • Burdsey, Daniel ed. Race, Ethnicity and Football: Persisting Debates and Emergent Issues. New York: Routledge, 2012.

  • Canada, Tracie. “Damar Hamlin’s Collapse Highlights the Violence Black Men Experience in Football.” Scientific American. January 6, 2023. (Available online)

  • Canada, Tracie. “‘Family,’ Race, and College Football with Tracie Canada.” The End of Sport Podcast. September 13, 2021. (Available online)

  • Carrington, Ben. Race, Sport and Politics: The Sporting Black Diaspora. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2010. (Available with institutional access)

  • hooks, bell. “Dreams of conquest: bell hooks on Hoop Dreams.” British Film Institute. December 17, 2021. (Available online)

  • Johnson, Claude. The Black Fives: The Epic Story of Basketball’s Forgotten Era. New York: Abrams Books, 2022.

  • Kassimeris, Christos. European Football in Black and White: Tackling Racism in Football. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008. (Available online)

  • SPORTS AND GENDER

  • Abdul, Geneva. “This Intersex Runner Had Surgery to Compete. It Has Not Gone Well.” The New York Times. December 16, 2019. Updated November 19, 2020. (Available online)

  • Carter, Thomas F. “Gender and Sport.” The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, (2020). (Available online with institutional access)

  • Elsey, Brenda. Futbolera: A History of Women and Sports in Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2020.

  • Karkazis, Katrina. “The misuses of ‘biological sex’.” The Art of Medicine 394, no. 10212 (2019): 1898-1899. (Available online)

  • Kornei, Katherine. “This scientist is racing to discover how gender transitions alter athletic performance—including her own.” Science. July 25, 2018. (Available online)

  • Longman, Jeré. “Understanding the Controversy Over Caster Semenya.” The New York Times. August 18, 2016. (Available online)

  • Ortega, Rodrigo Pérez. “World Athletics banned transgender women from competing. Does science support the rule?” Science. April 4, 2023. (Available online)

  • Youngs, Ian. “The lost lionesses: England’s forgotten teenage football trailblazers.” BBC. June 4, 2019. (Available online)

  • Murray, Caitlin. The National Team: The Inside Story of the Women Who Changed Soccer. New York: Abrams Books, 2019.

  • DEFINING VALUE

  • Banks, Alec. “The Lebron James Effect: An Economy Built on One Man.” Highsnobiety. July 11, 2018. (Available online)

  • de la Cretaz, Frankie. “Athletes are the Future of the Labor Movement.” MIC. October 6, 2021. (Available online)

  • Doyne, Shannon and Jeremy Engle. “College Athletes Can Now Be Paid. But Not All of Them Are Seeing Money. Is That Fair?” The New York Times. February 6, 2023. (Available online)

  • Hatton, Erin. Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020. (Available with institutional access)

  • King, Jay Caspian. “Should Superstar Athletes Make More Money and Run Their Leagues?” The New York Times Magazine. July 25, 2017. (Available online)

  • Lewis, Michael. Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.

  • Phillips, Christopher J., “Keeping Score: Accounting for America’s Pastime.” Cabinet 56, Winter 2014-2015.

  • Shoag, Daniel, and Stan Veuger. “Taking My Talents to South Beach (and Back).” HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP17-019, May 2017. (Available online)

  • Whitacre, Andrew. “T.L. Taylor, ‘Professional Play and the E-sports Industry’.” MIT Comparative Media Studies/Writing. Podcast audio. January 30, 2012. (Available online)