MoMA R&D

Salon 45 Egg

The egg is a universal symbol of life across cultures and religions––and then of hope, purity, prosperity, and engineered perfection. The simplicity of both the object and the word hides a wondrous complexity of meanings and values. As a food versatile in its uses and rich in flavor while also being nutritionally lavish, the chicken egg finds its place both in meals of decadence and of scarcity. At the global scale, it is so fundamental to every table as to have called for massive industrial production, with great ethical and ecological consequences. As a design feat, its shell is fragile yet strong, engineered to be broken by a hatchling from within but not by an adult that sits atop. More broadly, the egg cell is the progenitor for all forms of animal life, and is thus a symbolic center for many contentious debates around motherhood, genetics, and the question of what constitutes life. The egg even further complicates our notions of time itself––see the pervasive chicken-or-egg dilemma, for instance––as an object that paradoxically becomes its own cause and effect. And these are only a few angles of approach. With its complexities and contradictions, the egg can lead to an examination of some of society’s most ancient and most urgent quandaries.

We will pose the following questions: With so much of the food we eat relying on the ingredient of eggs, what are the potential consequences of their scarcity? Can the egg be a tool to lift people out of poverty? Can they ever become scarce? What are the many manifestations of the egg as a semiotic gateway? What can we learn from the ways in which the use of eggs changes across cultures? What can engineering and material science learn from the egg shell? What can nature teach us about efficiency in design? What is perfection? How is motherhood defined? Can the value of an egg cell be defined, and who should benefit from it? Is there a point at which human intervention in the process of reproduction becomes unethical? What is the role of the egg in the narration of evolution? And in the process of transformation?

This Salon took place on December 5, 2023

Speakers

Video Contributors

Reading List

  • GENERAL

  • Aristotle. The History of Animals. 350 B.C.E. (Available online)

  • Harvey, William. Exercises On The Generation of Animals. London: 1651. (Available online with institutional access)

  • Rude, Emelyn. Tastes Like Chicken: A History of America’s Favorite Bird. New York: Pegasus Books, 2016.

  • Short, R. “Where do babies come from?” Nature 403, 705 (2000). (Available online)

  • Stark, Lizzie. Egg: A Dozen Ovatures. New York: W. W. Norton, 2023.

  • Twilley, Nicola and Cynthia Graber. “The Incredible Egg.” Gastropod. October 23, 2018. (Available online)

  • Twilley, Nicola and Cynthia Graber. “The Incredible Egg (encore).” Gastropod. June 27, 2023. (Available online)

  • Walker, Nicole. Egg. London: Bloomsbury Press, 2017.

  • EVOLUTION OF EGGS

  • Benson, Roger. “Egg Cetera #2: The answer to the riddle of which came first.” University of Cambridge. April 6, 2012. (Available online)

  • Joel, Lucas. “Life Hatched From Soft Eggs, Some a Foot Long, in Dinosaur Era.” The New York Times. June 17, 2020. (Available online)

  • Wei-Haas, Maya. “See a rare baby dinosaur curled up in its fossilized egg.” National Geographic. December 21, 2021. (Available online)

  • Zimmer, Carl. “How Did Birds First Take Off?” The New York Times. June 3, 2023. (Available online)

  • THE SCIENCE OF BIRD EGGS

  • Birkhead, Tim. The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird’s Egg. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017. (Review available here)

  • Stoddard, Mary Caswell, et al., “Avian egg shape: Form, function, and evolution.” Science 356, (2017): 1249-1254. (Available online)

  • Stoddard, M. C. 2022. “Bird eggs.” Current Biology. (Available online)

  • Oyen, Michelle, Rebecca Kilner, and Mary Caswell Stoddard. “Egg Cetera #5: Nature’s paradoxical packaging.” University of Cambridge. April 9, 2012. (Available online)

  • Yong, Ed. “Why Are Bird Eggs Egg-Shaped? An Eggsplainer.” The Atlantic. June 22, 2017. (Available online)

  • ECONOMICS OF EGGS

  • Chow and Lin. The Poverty Line. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, 2021.

  • Gates, Bill. “Why I would raise chickens.” Gates Notes. June 7, 2016. (Available online)

  • Gorman, James. “It Could Be the Age of the Chicken, Geologically.” The New York Times. December 11, 2018. (Available online)

  • Smialek, Jenna and Ana Swanson. “Forget Pandemic Puppies. Meet the Inflation Chicken.” The New York Times. February 2, 2023. (Available online)

  • COOKING WITH EGGS

  • McGee, Harold. “Eggs.” On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Scribner’s, 2004. (Available online)

  • Moshenska, Joe. “Egg Cetera #3: Take thirty Eggs, fifteen whites, beat them well…” University of Cambridge. April 7, 2012. (Available online)

  • Paxson, Heather. Eating beside Ourselves: Thresholds of Foods and Bodies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2023. (Available online)

  • Ruhlman, Michael. Egg: A Culinary Exploration of the World’s Most Versatile Ingredient. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2014.

  • Ruhlman, Michael. “Please, Consider the Egg.” Ruhlman. February 3, 2021. (Available online)

  • HUMAN REPRODUCTION

  • Cobb, M. “An Amazing 10 Years: The Discovery of Egg and Sperm in the 17th Century.” Reproduction in Domestic Animals Vol. 47, No. 4 (July 25, 2012): 2-6. (Available online)

  • Dias, Elizabeth. “When does life begin?” The New York Times. December 31, 2022. (Available online)

  • Martin, Emily. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical MaleFemale Roles.” Signs, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Spring, 1991): 485-501. (Available online)

  • Deutscher, Penelope. “Judith Butler, Precarious Life, and Reproduction: From Social Ontology to Ontological Tact.” Foucault’s Futures: A Critique of Reproductive Reason. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017. (Available with institutional access)

  • THE EGG CELL MARKET

  • Almeling, Rene. Sex Cells: The Medical Market for Eggs and Sperm. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. (Available with institutional access)

  • Gruen, Lori. “Oocytes for Sale?” Metaphilosophy Vol. 38, No. 2-3 (April 2007).

  • Gruen, Lori. “Eggs on the Market.” Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine: An International Journal Vol. 3, No. 4 (2012): 227-236. (Available with institutional access)

  • Klitzman, Robert. “Buying and selling human eggs: infertility providers’ ethical and other concerns regarding egg donor agencies.” BMC Med Ethics 17, 71 (2016). (Available online)

  • MAKING HUMAN EGGS

  • Hamzelou, Jessica. “Inside the race to make human sex cells in the lab.” MIT Technology Review. August 23, 2022. (Available online)

  • Marcus, Amy Dockser. “What If Men Could Make Their Own Egg Cells?” The Wall Street Journal. October 27, 2023. (Available online)

  • Stein, Rob. “Startup aims to make lab-grown human eggs, transforming options for creating families.” NPR. July 15, 2023. (Available online)

  • Surani, Azim. “Egg Cetera #1: The immortal egg.” University of Cambridge. April 7, 2012. (Available online)

  • VEGANISM

  • Adams, Carol J. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. London: Bloomsbury Press, 1990. (First chapter available online)

  • Adams, Carol J. “Why feminist-vegan now?” Feminism & Psychology Vol. 20, No. 3 (August 3, 2010). (Available with institutional access)

  • Hasan, Zoya and Arturo Elizondo. “Arturo Elizondo On His Biotech Company’s New ‘Liquid Gold’ Egg-Protein Product.” Forbes. October 19, 2023. (Watch online)

  • Ireland, Corydon. “More than just meat.” The Harvard Gazette. April 30, 2010. (Available online)

  • Wright, Laura. The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015. (Available online)

  • THE EGG IN ART

  • Bucklow, Spike. “Egg Cetera #4: Mayonnaise and the making of masterpieces.” University of Cambridge. April 8, 2012. (Available Online)

  • Lameignère, Erwann. “Camille Henrot ‘Grosse Fatigue.’” Collectif Combo. Video, 7 min, 28 seconds. (Watch here)

  • Chayka, Kyle. “‘Grosse Fatigue’ Tells the Story of Life on Earth.” The New Yorker. July 10, 2020. (Available online)

  • Hall, Stephanie. “The Ancient Art of Decorating Eggs.” Library of Congress Blogs. April 6, 2017. (Available online)

  • Kellogg, Rhoda. Analyzing Children’s Art. Palo Alto: National Press Books, 1969. (Available online)

  • Nowakowski, Teresa. “Why Did Old Masters Use Eggs in Oil Paintings?” Smithsonian Magazine. March 30, 2023. (Available online)

  • Stewart, Brian. “Egg Cetera #6: Hunting for the world’s oldest decorated eggs.” University of Cambridge. April 10, 2012. (Available online)

  • Viola, Bill. I Do Not Know What It Is I Am Like. 1986. Video, 89 min. (Watch the egg hatch scene here)

  • THE EGG IN LITERATURE

  • Butler, Octavia. Bloodchild and Other Stories. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005. (Available online)

  • Cixous, Hélène. “‘The Egg and the Chicken’: Love is not Having.” Reading with Clarice Lispector. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. (Available online)

  • Jackson, Zakiyyah Iman. Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Antiblack World. New York: NYU Press, 2020. (Available online with institutional access)

  • Kawakami, Mieko. Breasts and Eggs: A Novel. New York: Europa Editions, 2020.

  • Lispector, Clarice. “The Egg and the Chicken.” The Foreign Legion. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco Attica, 1964. (Available online)

  • THE EGG IN PHILOSOPHY

  • Griaule, Marcel and G. Dieterlen. The Pale Fox. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie, 1945. (Available online)

  • Henrot, Camille. Elephant Child. Los Angeles: Inventory Press, 2015.

  • Latour, Bruno. “Spheres and networks: Two ways to interpret globalization.” Harvard Design Magazine 30 (2009): 138–144. (Available online)

  • Nancy, Jean-Luc. The Creation of the World or Globalization. Albany: SUNY Press, 2002.

  • Powys, John Cowper. In Defence of Sensuality. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1931. (Available online)

  • Sloterdijk, Peter. Bubbles: Spheres Volume I: Microspherology; Globes: Spheres Volume II: Microspherology; Foams: Spheres Volume III: Microspherology. The Spheres Trilogy. Frankfurt and Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1998-2004.

  • Žižek, Slavoj, “Human Rights in a Chocolate Egg: Welcome to the dessert of the real.” Cabinet Magazine. Summer, 2003. (Available online)