Lightness is beautiful. It is the image of grace, agility, luminosity, the essence of buoyant clouds and billowing silks. It is good for the spirit and good for the environment. In theory, the lighter an object is, the less energy it consumes during its existence and the lighter its impact is. Nonetheless, even apparently immaterial things carry a burden, at times a heavy one. The Internet’s illusion of weightlessness—human activities, objects, and interactions dissolving into bits and traveling through the air—crashes when confronted by the heavy ecological footprint necessary to sustain its infrastructure.
In its tantalizing aesthetics, lightness can obfuscate the harm it conceals, blurring judgment and growing into an unhealthy fetish. Even the lightness of being epitomized by the novelist Milan Kundera––a freedom of spirit unencumbered by the ballast of reality and negativity that weigh most humans down––becomes unbearable as perceiving one’s life without the weight of meaning can lead to feelings of debilitating triviality and inconsequence.
Some of the questions that we ask include: Is lightness inherently better than weightiness? What is stronger, a lighter or a heavier material? And what about living things? Are lighter beings more resilient? Can a focus on lightness help us to address the climate crisis? Does lightness imply a lack of thoughtfulness? Are there moments in which a heavy burden is welcome? What drives contemporary culture’s fetishization of lightness, from “heroin chic” to Ozempic? Is the awareness of one’s irrelevance freeing, or a burden unto itself?
This Salon took place on June 18th, 2024.
Dr. Ariel Ekblaw is the founder and CEO of Aurelia Institute, where she strives to bring humanity’s space exploration future to life. Through architecture R&D, education and outreach, and policy thought leadership, she is building a remarkable team and a novel FRO (Focused Research Organization) to expand humanity’s horizons and scale life in space. Aurelia Institute is spun out of the MIT Space Exploration Initiative (SEI)—a team of over 50 graduate students, staff, and faculty actively prototyping the artifacts of our sci-fi space future—of which Ariel is also the founder and former Director. Ariel drives SEI’s space-related research across science, engineering, art, and design, and leads an annually recurring cadence of parabolic flights, sub-orbital launches, and missions to the International Space Station.
Sonam Kachru is an Assistant Professor specializing in the history of premodern South Asian philosophy and literature, with an emphasis on Buddhist philosophy. One day soon, he believes, the histories of philosophy and literature in premodern South Asia will more widely be seen as an integral part of the humanities. As they should be. His first book, Other Lives: Mind and World in Indian Buddhism, tracks ways in which one premodern Buddhist philosopher, Vasubandhu of Peshawar, used descriptions of experiences in dreams and non-human forms of life in thought experiments to rethink the relationship between mind and world. For more about Other Lives, which was written with a commitment to global philosophical outlook, with particular attention to a possibly connected ancient world, see this précis and this review.
Shannon Mattern is the Penn Presidential Compact Professor of Media Studies and the History of Art at the University of Pennsylvania. Her dad owned a hardware store and makes beautiful furniture, and her mom was a special education teacher. Before coming to Penn, between 2004 and 2022, she worked in the School of Media Studies and the Department of Anthropology at The New School and collaborated regularly with the Parsons School of Design. She won The New School’s Distinguished University Teaching Award. Her writing and teaching focus on archives, libraries, and other media spaces; media infrastructures; sites where data intersect with art and design; and media that shape our sensory experiences. She is the author of The New Downtown Library: Designing with Communities; Deep Mapping the Media City; Code and Clay, Data and Dirt: 5000 Years of Urban Media, all published by University of Minnesota Press; and A City Is Not a Computer, published by Princeton University Press. She also contributes a regular long-form column about urban data and mediated infrastructures to Places Journal. In addition, she serves as president of the board of the Metropolitan New York Library Council and regularly collaborates on public design and interactive projects and exhibitions.
Sarah Oppenheimer is an architectural manipulator. Oppenheimer creates circulatory pathways that establish unexpected kinesthetic and visual relays between bodies and buildings. Rhythms and timescales of living systems flow from body to building and back again. The viewer is transformed into an agent of spatial change.
Glaucio H. Paulino is the Margareta Engman Augustine Professor of Engineering, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Professor of the Princeton Materials Institute at Princeton University. His research group’s contributions in the area of computational mechanics spans development of methodologies to characterize deformation and fracture behavior of existing and emerging materials and structural systems, topology optimization for large-scale and multiscale/multiphysics problems, and origami.
Insoo Suh is the director of minimally invasive endocrine surgery at NYU Langone with a focus on innovative surgical techniques and alternative treatment technologies. His major research interests focus on innovative surgical techniques and alternative treatment technologies. As director of minimally invasive endocrine surgery, he leads an active clinical and research program in scarless endoscopic thyroidectomy—he was among the pioneers of this procedure in the United States—as well as in minimally invasive parathyroidectomy and adrenalectomy. He also lead the Department of Surgery program that supports the development of surgical innovations.
Professor Daniel A. Barber is Head of School, Architecture at University of Technology Sydney. He is a historian and theorist focused on environmental dimensions of architecture’s past, present, and future. He is especially interested in how the pedagogy and practice of architecture are adapting to climate instability. He is the recipient of a 2022-2023 Guggenheim Fellowship, and is part of the British Academy Global Convening Grant on the Just Transitions. He has recently held teaching positions and fellowships in the US, Portugal, and Germany.
Trained as an industrial designer Ed van Hinte is mainly interested in exploring ways to reduce material flows and energy consumption, while still maintaining the convenience, magic and style that humans desire. He has a good international reputation as a critical advocate of sustainability. He covers all aspects of design, technical, ephemeral, large and small. He has been awarded for his writings several times.
Pamela Ayo Yetunde is a Community Dharma Leader in the Insight Meditation tradition. She teaches pastoral care and counseling and has taught at University of the West, United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities, and Upaya Institute and Zen Center. Ayo has written for Buddhadharma, Lion’s Roar, religions, and Buddhist-Christian Studies. She is the author of Black and Buddhist: What Buddhism Can Teach Us about Race, Resilience, Transformation, and Freedom, Object Relations, Buddhism and Relationality in Womanist Practical Theology and Buddhist-Christian Dialogue, U.S. Law, and Womanist Theology for Transgender Spiritual Care.
Since 1990 Brandon Linton has been professionally constructing composite boats, structures, and components equating to 30 years of boat building experience in all facets of composite race yacht construction, from facility set up, test models to the realization of the finished product. Amongst many other projects Brandon has also been involved in the construction of over a dozen grand prix racing yachts. He is currently working as New York Yacht Club American Magic’s boat construction manager.
Born in 1978 in Ibiza, Spain, Nuria Garcia Masip grew up between Spain and the USA. In 1999, after completing her university studies, she traveled to Morocco where she developed an interest in Islamic art. In 2000, she returned to Washington D.C. where she started studying the rik’a, sülüs, and nesih scripts with calligrapher (hattat) Mohamed Zakariya. In 2004, she moved to Istanbul where she continued to study the sülüs, and nesih scripts with hattat Hasan Çelebi, and with hattat Davut Bektaş. In 2007, she received her diploma (ijazah) in these two scripts, signed by her three teachers. She holds a Masters in Art History from the Sorbonne University, has won prestigious prizes in international calligraphy competitions and her work forms part of various private and museum collections. She has also organized numerous workshops and conferences on this art to promote the art of calligraphy internationally. Her work is firmly rooted in the classical school of calligraphy and she enjoys preserving the techniques and materials of the tradition. Nuria is currently living in Paris where she teaches, researches, and works on calligraphy.
Nathan F. Sayre is professor and chair of geography at the University of California, Berkeley. He studies the ways people use, govern, study and value landscapes: how environments are managed and mismanaged, exploited and conserved, enlisted to produce power, profit and knowledge, sometimes successfully and other times not. Working with and across multiple disciplines,I can be described using almost any non-redundant combination of historical, political, environmental, or ecological + anthropologist, geographer, ecologist, economist, or historian.
Jonathan Sterne is James McGill Professor, Department of Art History and Communication Studies at McGill University, and author of MP3: The Meaning of a Format and The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction, both also published by Duke University Press, and is editor of The Sound Studies Reader. He also makes music and other audio works.
Sabrina Strings, Ph.D. is Professor and North Hall Chair of Black Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She was a recipient of the UC Berkeley Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Fellowship with a joint appointment in the School of Public Health and Department of Sociology. A certified yoga teacher, her work on yoga has been featured in The Feminist Wire, Yoga International, and LA Yoga. Sabrina is also an award-winning author with publications in diverse venues including, Ethnic and Racial Studies; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society; Fat Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Body Weight and Society and Feminist Media Studies. Her most recent book is Fearing the Black Body: The Racial Origins of Fat Phobia (NYU Press 2019).
LIGHTNESS OF TOUCH
Gross, Jenny. “The Ancient Art of Calligraphy Is Having a Revival.” The New York Times. May 29, 2024. (Available online)
Max, D. T. “Paging Dr. Robot.” The New Yorker. September 23, 2019. (Available online)
Mesko, Bertalan. “The technological future of surgery.” The Medical Futurist. May 20, 2021. (Available online)
Wertheim, Margarent and Robert J. Lang. “The Mathematics of Paper Folding: An Interview with Robert Lang.” Cabinet Magazine. Spring 2005. (Available online)
Whitlock, Jennifer. “The historical timeline of surgery.” Verywell Health. April 15, 2024. (Available online)
LIGHTNESS OF BEING
Ashton, Geoffry. “The Somaesthetics of Heaviness and Hara in Zen Buddhist Meditation,” Poligrafi 28, no. 111/112 (2023). (Available online)
Calvino, Italo. “Lightness.” Six Memos for the Next Millennium. Boston: Mariner Books, 1988. (Available online)
Horton, Scott. “Nietzsche on the Specific Gravity of Personal Morals.” Harper’s Magazine. August 3, 2007. (Available online)
Kundera, Milan. The Unbearable Lightness of Being. New York: HarperCollins, 2023. First published 1984 by Harper & Row. (Available online)
Malcolm, Janet. “The Game of Lights.” The New York Review. May 10, 1984. (Available online)
Popova, Maria. “Italo Calvino on the Unbearable Lightness of Language, Literature, and Life.” The Marginalian. October 15, 2014. (Available online)
Roelstraete, Dieter. “The Business: On the Unbearable Lightness of Art.” e-flux Journal 42 (February 2013). (Available online)
Vesely-Flad, Rima. Black Buddhists and the Black Radical Tradition: The Practice of Stillness in the Movement for Liberation. New York: NYU Press, 2022. (Available online)
Welch, Michael Dylan “Laughing with Karumi,” British Haiku Society journal Blithe Spirit 25:2, May 2015. (Available online)
CARRYING A HEAVY WEIGHT
al-Najjar, Omar. “In Gaza’s Hospitals.” The New York Review. April 19, 2024. (Available online)
Brandt, Mary L. “Sustaining a career in surgery.” The American Journal of Surgery 214 (2017): 707-714. (Available here)
Buddha. “Bhāra Sutta: The Burden.” Translated from the Pali by K. Nizamis. 2011. (Available online)
Givhan, Robin. “America’s Tents Are Pitched on Shameful Truths.” Washington Post. April 30, 2024. Reprinted in The Philadelphia Tribune. May 5, 2024. (Available online)
Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla. “What Does It Mean to Be Human in the Aftermath of Mass Trauma and Violence? Toward the Horizon of an Ethics of Care.” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics 36, No. 2 (Fall / Winter 2016): 43-61. (Available online)
Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Picador, 2003. (Available online)
Tolentino, Jia. “What to Do with Climate Emotions.” New Yorker. July 10, 2023. (Available online)
Zwigenberg, Ran. Nuclear Minds: Cold War Psychological Science and the Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2023. (Available online)
PHYSICAL LIGHTNESS / LITHENESS
Damour, Lisa. “Eating Disorders in Teens Have ‘Exploded’ in the Pandemic.” The New York Times. April 28, 2021. (Available online)
Demopoulos, Alaina. “The term ‘heroin chic’ needs to die – even if skinny-worship rages on.” The Guardian. November 21, 2022. (Available online)
Haldane, J. B. S. “On Being the Right Size.” 1926. Republished in Cabinet Magazine. Winter 2007-2008. (Available online)
Horowitz, Jason. “To Live Past 100, Mangia a Lot Less: Italian Expert’s Ideas on Aging.” The New York Times. March 25, 2024. (Available online)
Sofia, Maddie. Interview with Sabrina Strings. “Fat Phobia And Its Racist Past And Present.” NPR Short Wave. Podcast audio and transcript. July 21, 2020. (Available online) (For more, see the book)
Spindler, Amy M. “A Death Tarnishes Fashion’s ‘Heroin Look’.” The New York Times. May 20, 1997. (Available online)
Tolentino, Jia. “Will the Ozempic Era Change How We Think About Being Fat and Being Thin?” New Yorker. March 20, 2023. (Available online)
LIGHT BY DESIGN
Baham, Reyner. “A Home is not a House.” Art in America 2, (1965): 70-79). (Available online)
Barber, Daniel A., Jeannette Kuo, Ola Uduku, Thomas Auer, and e-flux Architecture. “Editorial.” After Comfort: A User’s Guide (e-flux Architecture and University of Technology Sydney, the Technical University of Munich, the University of Liverpool, and Transsolar, 2023). (Available online)
Braham, William W. “How Much Does Your Household Weigh?” Places Journal. September 2009. (Available online)
Bunge, Eric. “Jealousy: Modern Architecture and Flight.” Cabinet Magazine. Summer 2003. (Available online)
Fuller, Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. 1969. (Available online)
Glaeser, Ludwig. The Work of Frei Otto. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1972. (Available online)
van Hinte, Ed and Adriaan Beukers. Designing Lightness: Structures for Saving Energy. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2020. (Book talk available online)
van Hinte, Ed and Adriaan Beukers. Lightness: The Inevitable Renaissance of Minimum Energy Structures. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2005. (Available online)
Waldon, Patricia. “Nature inspired strong, lightweight material for planes, buildings and bone implants.” Princeton Engineering. April 25, 2022. (Available online)
WEIGHTLESSNESS
Barber, Regina, Emily Kwong, Berly McCoy, and Rebecca Ramirez. “From the physics of g-force to weightlessness: How it feels to launch into space.” Short Wave by NPR. Podcast audio. June 11, 2024. (Available online)
Fridman, Lex. Interview with Ariel Ekblaw. Lex Fridman Podcast. Podcast audio and video. March 23, 2022. (Available online)
Kastner, Jeffery, Sina Najafi, and Clive Hart. “Through the Vaste Spaces of the Aire: An Interview with Clive Hart.” Cabinet Magazine. Summer 2003. (Available online)
O'Neill, Gerry. The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1976. (Available online)
Venkataraman, Bina. “The best concert of your life might not be on Earth.” The Washington Post. December 26, 2023. (Available online)
FROM A TO B
Kennedy, Pagan. “The Climate Crisis Gives Sailing Ships a Second Wind.” The New York Times. April 27, 2023. (Available online)
Mattern, Shannon. “World in a Box.” Places Journal. May 2024. (Available online)
Sayre, Nathan A. “The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98:1 (March 1, 2008) 120-134. (Available online)
Valdes-Dapena, Peter. “Why electric cars are so much heavier than regular cars.” CNN Business. June 7, 2021. (Available online)
Wissler, Clark. “Man and His Baggage.” Natural History. September 1946. (Available online)
SHRINKING
Griffiths, Alyn. “The Incredible Shrinking Man by Arne Hendriks.” Dezeen. October 25, 2013. (Available online)
Lopatto, Elizabeth. “Apple Doesn’t Understand Why You Use Technology.” The Verge. May 9, 2024. (Available online)
Salvaggio, Eryk. “Bodies Against Compression.” Cybernetic Forests. May 12, 2024. (Available online)
Savini, Federico. “Post-Growth, Degrowth, the Doughnut, and Circular Economy: A Short Guide for Policymakers.” Journal of City Climate Policy and Economy 2(2), (October 2023): 113-123. (Available online)
Sterne, Jonathan. “Compression: A Loose History.” Signal Traffic. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2015. (Available with institutional access)
Szalai, Jennifer. “Shrink the Economy, Save the World?” The New York Times. June 8, 2024. (Available online)
LIGHTNESS THROUGH DISTRIBUTION
Ashby, W. Ross. “Chapter 6: The Black Box.” In An Introduction to Cybernetics, 86–117. London: Chapman & Hall, 1956. (Available online)
Michotte, Albert. The Perception of Causality. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 1963. (Introduction available online)
Oppenheimer, Sarah, and Jeffrey Kastner. “1000 Words: Sarah Oppenheimer Talks about ‘Sensitive Machine’.” Artforum. November, 2021. (Available online)
Yetunda, Pamela Ayo. Casting Indra’s Net: Fostering Spiritual Kinship and Community. Boulder: Shambhala Publications, 2023. (For more on this topic, see this story and project)
LEAFLETS (thanks, Shannon!)
Gabrys, Jennifer. “Leaflet Drop: The Paper Landscapes of War.” Invisible Culture, 7 (2004). (Available online)
Mattern, Shannon. “Paper, Ash & Air: Material Remembering.” 9/11 Forum on Memory, Trauma, and Media, The New School, September 11, 2011. (Available online)
Reuters. “Israeli Military Drops Thousands of Leaflets Over Gaza Telling Civilians to Evacuate.” The Guardian. October 13, 2023. (Available online)
IS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY LIGHT?
Bartholomew, Jem. “Q&A: Uncovering the Labor Exploitation That Powers AI.” Columbia Journalism Review. August 29, 2023. (Available online)
Berreby, David. “As Use of A.I. Soars, So Does the Energy and Water It Requires.” Yale360. February 6, 2024. (Available online)
Crawford, Kate. The Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021. (Available online)
Crilly, Liam. “What Is Lightweight Software? Revisiting the Definition.” The New Stack. March 31, 2023. (Available online)
Digital Humanities Climate Coalition. “Minimal Computing” and “Permacomputing.” Github. (Available online here and here)
Dzieza, Josh. “AI Is a Lot of Work.” Intelligencer. June 20, 2023. (Available online)
Grostern, Joey. “Is It Possible to Make an Eco-Friendly Smartphone?” DW. September 30, 2021. (Available online)
Holmes, Rob. “A Preliminary Atlas of Gizmo Landscapes.” Mammoth. April 1, 2010. (Available online)