In its size and complexity, the universe we inhabit exists at a scale that is fundamentally ungraspable by humans. We have therefore developed tools of perception and abstraction in the attempt to better comprehend it and our position within it. With each revolution in thought or scientific innovation—from Copernicus’s heliocentric model to the invention of the microscope to the detonation of the first nuclear bomb—comes the need to dramatically reconfigure our sense of scale and place. In today’s world, the digital storage of the touchstones of our daily lives (documents, messages, books, music, movies, etc.) evades our ability to fathom its volume through visual or embodied perception. Scale is no longer just a function of size but rather more so now of complexity, thereby evading the scope of our current tools. Though the Eameses’ dream is now literally at our fingertips with our ability to zoom with abandon, what new tools for understanding are necessary to invent in order to address our contemporary issues of scale?
These are some of the questions we will ask: How has our perception of scale changed over time? How have scientific milestones contributed to that shift? What shifts will come next? What is our place in the universe? How can we fully come to terms with its scale? Are we in a crisis of perception? With the ever-increasing complexity of our world, will we ever be able to fully comprehend it? Do we even need to? Should our actions depend upon this comprehension? How can we grapple with phenomena such as the climate crisis? In what ways has scale become an issue of complexity over size? How do we understand scale in terms of both time and space?
This Salon took place on January 29, 2024
Alexandra Amon is an astrophysicist whose research focuses on cosmology and understanding our dark Universe, mostly using a tool called ‘weak gravitational lensing’. At present, she is Assistant Professor of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University co-coordinates the team within the Dark Energy Survey – a large international collaboration. Recently, she won the Caroline Herschel Prize. After growing up in Trinidad and Tobago, Alexandra studied at the University of Edinburgh, and then took a research fellowship at Stanford University. Her doctorate thesis won the Royal Astronomical Society Michael Penston Thesis Prize. An avid science communicator, she has featured on platforms such as New Scientist, Al Jazeera and PBS ‘Ancient Skies’.
Distinguished Professor of Political Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center, NYC, where she is a core faculty member of the Committee on Globalization and Social Change. She is Professor Emeritus in the Government Department of Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Her training is in Continental Theory, specifically, German Critical Philosophy and the Frankfurt School. Her work crosses disciplines, including Art History, Architecture, Comparative Literature, Cultural Studies, German Studies, Philosophy, History, and Visual Culture. She is currently writing on the philosophy of history: History as the Cosmology of Modernity.
Jamer Hunt is Professor of Transdisciplinary Design at Parsons School of Design. Hunt collaboratively designs open and adaptable frameworks for participation that respond to emergent cultural conditions. He was founding director of the graduate program in Transdisciplinary Design at Parsons School of Design (2009-2015). From 2016-2021 he served as Vice Provost for Transdisciplinary Initiatives at The New School. He is the author of Not to Scale: How the Small Becomes Large, the Large Becomes Unthinkable, and the Unthinkable Becomes Possible (2020), a book that repositions scale as a practice-based framework for navigating social change in complex systems. Fast Company has named him to their list of “Most Creative People.” With Paola Antonelli at the MoMA he was co-creator of the award-winning, curatorial experiment and book Design and Violence (2013-15). With Hilary Jay he co-founded DesignPhiladelphia in 2005, at that time the country’s largest design week. He has published over twenty articles on the poetics and politics of design, including for Fast Company and the Huffington Post, and he is co-author, with Meredith Davis, of Visual Communication Design (2017).
Trevor Paglen is an artist whose work spans image-making, sculpture, investigative journalism, writing, engineering, and numerous other disciplines.Paglen’s work has had one-person exhibitions at the Smithsonian Museum of American Art, Washington D.C.; Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh; Fondazione Prada, Milan; the Barbican Centre, London; Vienna Secession, Vienna; and Protocinema Istanbul, and participated in group exhibitions the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Tate Modern, and numerous other venues. Paglen has launched an artwork into distant orbit around Earth in collaboration with Creative Time and MIT, contributed research and cinematography to the Academy Award-winning film Citizenfour, and created a radioactive public sculpture for the exclusion zone in Fukushima, Japan.
Born in France, based in New York City, D. Graham Burnett trained in the History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University and teaches at Princeton. He works at the intersection of historical inquiry and artistic practice, and his writing and collaborations focus on experimental/experiential approaches to textual material, pedagogical modes, and hermeneutic activities traditionally associated with the research humanities. Recent projects include THE THIRD, MEANING at the Frye Art Museum (Seattle, WA).
Dipesh Chakrabarty holds a BSc (physics honors) degree from Presidency College, University of Calcutta, a postgraduate Diploma in management (considered equivalent to MBA) from the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, and a PhD (history) from the Australian National University. He is currently the Lawrence A. Kimpton Distinguished Service Professor in History, South Asian Languages and Civilizations, and the College at the University of Chicago. He is the Faculty Director of the University of Chicago Center in Delhi, a faculty fellow of the Chicago Center for Contemporary Theory, an associate of the Departments of English, Comparative Literature, and Cinema and Media Studies, and, by courtesy, a faculty member in the Law School.He is a founding member of the editorial collective of Subaltern Studies, a consulting editor of Critical Inquiry, and a founding editor of Postcolonial Studies. He has also served on the editorial boards of the American Historical Review and Public Culture.
Simon Denny was born in 1982 in Auckland, New Zealand and now lives and works in Berlin. He makes exhibitions and projects that unpack the stories technologists tell us about the world using a variety of media including installation, sculpture, print, painting, video, and NFTs. Denny studied at the Elam School of Fine Arts, University of Auckland and at the Städelschule, Frankfurt. In 2023, the Kunstverein Hannover and the Frans Masereel Centrum in Kasterlee, Belgium will exhibit his Metaverse Landscape paintings.
The works of artist Olafur Eliasson explore the relevance of art in the world at large. Born in 1967, Eliasson grew up in Iceland and Denmark, where he studied from 1989 to 1995 at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. In 1995, he moved to Berlin and founded Studio Olafur Eliasson, which today comprises a large team of craftsmen, architects, archivists, researchers, administrators, cooks, programmers, art historians, and specialised technicians.
Mike Hulme is Professor of Human Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, and Fellow of Pembroke College. The focus of his research career has been the analysis and explanation of the idea of climate change and his work has been published extensively across the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. He is the author of nine books on climate change, including Contemporary Climate Change Debates: A Student Primer (Routledge, 2020). From 2000 to 2007 he was Founding Director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, based at the University of East Anglia.
Hannah Landecker is a historian and sociologist of the life sciences. She holds a joint appointment in the Life and Social Sciences at UCLA, where she is a Professor in the Sociology Department, and the Institute for Society and Genetics, an interdisciplinary unit at UCLA committed to cultivating research and pedagogy at the interface of the life and human sciences. Landecker is the author of Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies (Harvard UP, 2007), and has written widely on biotechnology and society in work funded by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, The American Council of Learned Societies, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. She is co-director of the UCLA Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education at UCLA, and a member of the Senior Editorial team of BioSocieties.
Laura U. Marks is a philosopher and scholar of new media and film. She is the Grant Strate University Professor at Simon Fraser University. Previously, she was the Dana Wosk University Professor of Art and Cultural Studies at SFU.
Jussi Parikka is Professor in Digital Aesthetics and Culture at Aarhus University where he leads the Digital Aesthetics Research Centre (DARC).He is also visiting professor of at Winchester School of Art (University of Southampton) and at FAMU at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague where he leads the project Operational Images and Visual Culture (2019-2023, funded by the Czech Science Foundation). In 2021 he was elected as member of Academia Europaea. Parikka was awarded a PhD at University of Turku in 2007. His dissertation was on computer viruses and network accidents.
Elaine Scarry is an American essayist and professor of English and American Literature and Language. She is the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University.
Jonas Staal is a visual artist whose work deals with the relation between art, democracy, and propaganda. He is the founder of the artistic and political organization New World Summit (2012–ongoing). Together with Florian Malzacher he co-directs the training camp Training for the Future (2018-ongoing), and with human rights lawyer Jan Fermon he initiated the collective action lawsuit Collectivize Facebook (2020-ongoing). With writer and lawyer Radha D’Souza he founded the Court for Intergenerational Climate Crimes (2021-ongoing) and with Laure Prouvost he is co-administrator of the Obscure Union.
Annabel J. Wharton is the William B. Hamilton Professor of Art History at Duke University. She served as the first female Vincent Scully Visiting Professor at the Yale School of Architecture in 2014 and as the Harry Porter Visiting Professor of Architectural History, University of Virginia School of Architecture in 2019. She received her Ph.D. at the Courtauld Institute, London University. Initially her research focused on Late Ancient and Byzantine art and culture (Art of Empire [Penn State] and Refiguring the Post-Classical City [Cambridge]). Then she began to investigate the effects of modernity on ancient landscapes, notably in Building the Cold War: Hilton International Hotels and Modern Architecture (Chicago, 2001). She has combined her interests in the Ancient and the Modern in her last two books: Selling Jerusalem: Relics, Replicas, Theme Parks (Chicago, 2006) and Architectural Agents: The Delusional, Abusive, Addictive Lives of Buildings (Minnesota, 2015). Architectural Agents considers material and digital buildings as agents that both endure pain and inflict it. Her new book, Models and World Making: Buildings, Bodies, Black Boxes (University of Virginia Press) was released at the end of 2021.
SCALE THEORY
Carr, E. Summerson, and Michael Lempert, eds. Scale: Discourse and Dimensions of Social Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016. (Available online)
DiCaglio, Joshua. Scale Theory: A Nondisciplinary Inquiry. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2021. (Available with institutional access)
Horton, Zach. The Cosmic Zoom: Scale, Knowledge, and Mediation. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2021. (First chapter available online)
Hunt, Jamer. Not to Scale: How the Small Becomes Large, the Large Becomes Unthinkable, and the Unthinkable Becomes Possible. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2020.
Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1991. (Available online)
Meadows, Donella. Thinking in Systems. London: Earthscan, 2009. (Available online)
Stewart, Susan. On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. (Available with institutional access)
West, Geoffrey. Scale: The Universal Laws of Life, Growth, and Death in Organisms, Cities, and Companies. London: Penguin Books, 2018.
CARTOGRAPHY
Borges, Jorge Luis. “On Exactitude in Science.” Collected Fictions. Translated by Andrew Hurley. London: Penguin Books, 1999. (Available online)
Buck-Morrs, Susan. “Seeing Global.” October 17, 2015. (Available online)
Cosgrove, Denis. Apollo’s Eye: A Cartographic Genealogy of the Earth in the Western Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. (Available online)
Latour, Bruno, Valérie November, and Eduardo Camacho-Hübner. “Entering a risky territory: space in the age of digital navigation.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28 (2010): 581-599. (Available online)
SPACE
Arendt, Hannah. “The Conquest of Space and The Stature of Man.” 1963. The New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology and Society 18 (2007): 43–56. (Available online)
Brand, Stewart. The Whole Earth Catalog, Fall 1968. (Available online)
DeLoughrey, Elizabeth. “Satellite Planetarity and the Ends of the Earth.” Public Culture 26, no. 2 (2014): 257–280. (Available online)
Hans Blumenberg, The Genesis of the Copernican World View. Translated from the German by Robert N. Wallace, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987. (Available online)
Turner, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, The Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. (First chapter available online)
Valentine, David. “Exit Strategy: Profit, Cosmology, and the Future of Humans in Space.” Anthropological Quarterly 85, no. 4 (2012): 1045–1067. (Available online)
TIME
Krenak, Ailton. Ancestral Future. Paris, London, New York: Susanna Lea Associates, 2022.
Morton, Timothy. Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013. (Available online)
Parikka, Jussi. The Anthrobscene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014. (Available online)
Parikka, Jussi. A Geology of Media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015. (First chapter available online)
Rifkin, Mark. Beyond Settler Time: Temporal Sovereignty and Indigenous Self-Determination. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017. (Available online)
ZOOMING IN AND OUT
Aldersey-Williams, Hugh. “Applied Curiosity.” Design and the Elastic Mind. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2008. (Available online)
Antonelli, Paola. “Design and the Elastic Mind.” Design and the Elastic Mind. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2008. (Available online)
Blaser, Mario, and Marisol de la Cadena, eds. A World of Many Worlds. Durham: Duke University Press, 2018. (Introduction available online)
Boeke, Kees. Cosmic View: The Universe in Forty Jumps. New York: John Day Co., 1957. (Available online)
Di Palma, Vittoria. “Zoom: Google Earth and Global Intimacy.” In Intimate Metropolis: Urban Subjects in the Modern City, edited by Vittoria Di Palma, Diana Periton, and Marina Lathouri, 239–70. New York: Routledge, 2009. (Available online)
Dorrian, Mark. “Adventure on the Vertical.” Cabinet Magazine 44, “24 Hours” (Winter 2011-2012). (Available online)
Dorrian, Mark. “On Google Earth.” In Seeing from Above: The Aerial View in Visual Culture, edited by Dorrian and Frédéric Poussin, 290–307. New York: Tauris, 2013.
Fore, Devin. “The Entomic Age.” Grey Room 33 (Fall 2008): 26–55. (Available online)
Horton, Zach. “Collapsing Scale: Nanotechnology and Geoengineering as Speculative Media.” In Shaping Emerging Technologies: Governance, Innovation, Discourse, edited by K. Konrad, 203–218. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2013. (Available online)
Latour, Bruno. “Anti-Zoom.” In Contact (exhibition catalog), edited by Studio Olafur Eliasson, 121–124. Paris: Flammarion, 2014. (Available online)
Marks, Laura U. The Fold: From Your Body to the Cosmos. Durham: Duke University Press, 2024.
Peters, John Durham. The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. (Available online)
THE DIGITAL
Bazdyrieva, Asia, Ranjodh Singh Dhaliwal, Anthony Downey, Chris Lee & FRAUD, Jussi Parikka, and Laura Tripaldi. A Short Incomplete History of Technologies That Scale. Ljubljana and Berlin: Aksioma – Institute for Contemporary Art and transmediale, 2023.
Brannon, Monica. “Satellite Imagery in The Age of Big Data.” Configurations: A Journal of Literature, Science, and Technology 21, no. 3 (2014): 271–301. (Available with institutional access)
Chen, Sophia. “Exascale computers: 10 Breakthrough Technologies 2024.” MIT Technology Review. January 8, 2024. (Available online)
Coyle, Diane. The Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. (Available online)
Cubitt, Sean. The Practice of Light: A Genealogy of Visual Technologies from Prints to Pixels. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014. (Available online)
Ray Smith, Alvy. A Biography of the Pixel. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2021.
Schuessler, Jennifer. “Moving Wikipedia from Computer to Many, Many Bookshelves.” New York Times, June 16, 2015. (Available online)
ARCHITECTURE
Banham, Reyner. Megastructure: Urban Futures of the Recent Past. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.
Burnett, D. Graham, and Jonathan D. Solomon. “Masters of the Universe.” Models, edited by Emily Abruzzo, Eric Ellingsen, and Jonathan D. Solomon. New York: 306090 Books, 2007. (Available online)
Fuller, Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968. (Available online)
Koolhaas, Rem, Bruce Mau, and Office for Metropolitan Architecture. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large. New York: Monacelli, 1995. (Available online)
Meredith, Michael, Hilary Sample, and MOS. An Unfinished Encyclopedia of Scale Figures Without…Architecture. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2019.
Wharton, Annabel J. Models and World Making: Bodies, Buildings, Black Boxes. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2021.
BIOLOGY
Bonner, John Tyler. Why Size Matters: From Bacteria to Blue Whales. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. (Available with institutional access)
Brown, James H., Geoffrey B. West, and Brian J. Enquist. “Scaling in Biology: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequences.” In Scaling in Biology, edited by Brown and West, 1–24. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. (Available online)
Landecker, Hannah. “Creeping, Drinking, Dying: The Cinematic Portal and the Microscopic World of The Twentieth Century Cell.” Science in Context 24 (September 2011): 381-416. (Available online)
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Scaling: Why is Animal Size So Important? New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. (Available online)
Tsing, Anna. “On Nonscalability: The Living World Is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales.” Common Knowledge 18, no. 3 (Fall 2012): 505–524. (Available online)
Wiens, J. A. “Spatial Scaling in Ecology.” Functional Ecology 3, no. 4 (1989): 385–97. (Available online)
GLOBALIZATION AND THE PLANETARY
Brenner, Neil. “Beyond State-Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geographical Scale in Globalization Studies.” Theory and Society 28 (1999): 39–78. (Available online)
Herod, Andrew and Melissa W. Wright. Geographies of Power: Placing Scale. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002. (Available with institutional access)
Latour, Bruno. “The Anthropocene and the Destruction of the Image of the Globe.” Gifford * Lecture Series: Facing Gaia. A New Enquiry into Natural Religion. Lecture at the University of Edinburgh, February 25, 2013. (Available online)
Clark, Timothy. “What on World is the Earth?: The Anthropocene and Fictions of the World.” Oxford Literary Review 35, no. 1 (2013): 5–24. (Available online)
Jepson, Paul and Cain Blythe. Rewilding: The Radical New Science of Ecological Recovery. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2022.
Chandler, Alfred. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1990. (Available with institutional access)
THE PITFALLS OF SCALE
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “The Climate of History: Four Theses.” Critical Inquiry 35 (2009): 197–222. (Available online)
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “Postcolonial Studies and the Challenge of Climate Change.” New Literary History 43, no. 1 (2012): 1-18. (Available online)
Woods, Derek. “Scale Critique for the Anthropocene.” The Minnesota Review 83 (2014): 133–43. (Available with institutional access)
Scarry, Elaine. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. (Available here)
Mullen, A. Kirsten. From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. (Available online with institutional access)
FILMS
Arnold, Jack. The Incredible Shrinking Man. USA: Universal Pictures, 1957. Film.
Bagga, Brannon. Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. Studio City, CA. Cosmos Studios. Television. Episode 1, March 9, 2014.
Eames, Charles, and Ray Eames. Powers of Ten. Pyramid Media: 1977. Film.
Eames, Charles, and Ray Eames. A Rough Sketch for a Proposed Film Dealing with the Powers of Ten and the Relative Size of Things in the Universe. Pyramid Media: 1968. Film.
Fleischer, Richard. Fantastic Voyage. USA: Twentieth Century Fox, 1966. Film.
IBM Corporation. A Boy and His Atom: The World’s Smallest Movie. Online video clip. YouTube, 1 July 2015.
Nuridsany, Claude and Marie Pérennou. Microcosmos. France: France 2 Cinema, Canal+, Télévision Suisse Romande, 1996.
Sagan, Carl. Cosmos. New York: Random House, 1980. Film.
Silleck, Bayley. Cosmic Voyage. Los Angeles: IMAX, 1996. Film.
Szasz, Eva. Cosmic Zoom. National Film Board of Canada: 1968. Film.